A-make up the squares on the map
B-join points of equal height
C-indicate the presence of high tension lines
D-indicate controlled airspace
E-join points of equal atmospheric pressure

Chart Properties and Principles

Scale and the relationship between chart and earth distances.

Scale refers to the ratio between the distances:

• on a navigation chart and
• the corresponding distances on Earth.

It tells us how much the chart has been reduced compared to the actual size of the Earth.

It's like a shrunken version of the world!

Consider a navigation chart with a scale of:

1:100,000

If you measure a line on the chart that's 1 centimetre long, it would represent a distance of 100,000 centimetres on Earth.

From then you can calculate 100,000 cm into 1000 metres or 1 km.

AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 

• Visual Planning Charts (VPC) — 1:1,000,000 series shows all designated airspace and special use airspace. 
• Some aeronautical information associated with low level flight or in terminal areas (such as low flying zones and visual reporting points) is not shown.

• There are 2 charts in the VPC — 1:1,000,000 series printed on 1 sheet. 

·         Visual Navigation Charts (VNC) — 1:500,000 series shows selected aeronautical information up to the lower level of the upper CTA. Some aeronautical information associated with low level flight or in terminal areas (such as low flying zones and visual reporting points) is not shown.