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Speed and Velocity
A Knot (kt)
A knot is the standard unit of speed used in aviation.
1 kt = 1 nautical mile per hour
Groundspeed (GS)
Groundspeed is the speed of the aircraft relative to the ground.
Wind affects groundspeed:
Tailwind → increases groundspeed
Headwind → decreases groundspeed
Indicated Airspeed (IAS)
Indicated Airspeed (IAS) is the airspeed read directly from the aircraft's airspeed indicator.
It is derived from the difference between pitot pressure and static pressure.
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) is IAS corrected for:
instrument error, and
position error.
These errors are generally small in light aircraft.
True Airspeed (TAS)
True Airspeed (TAS) is CAS corrected for the effect of air density.
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